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“I have studied a lot for this test, but I didn’t do well. That’s so unfair. How can I do better next time?”

This is a question I have heard often since I began teaching. Because I used to teach the core undergraduate microeconomics course in a public policy school, where not all students like economics, it is a question I have probably heard more often than my colleagues who have always taught in an economics department.

So instead of giving the same advice over and over again to different students, I thought I should write down my thoughts about how one can maximize the chances one will do well in one’s economics class.

Beyond the obvious, my credentials for doing so are as follows. I started college wanting to major in philosophy. After a few semesters of (i) wondering what I would do with my life with a philosophy degree and (ii) feeling frustrated by what I felt was somewhat arbitrary grading, I switched my focus to economics, where I didn’t do very well in microeconomics and math for economists until I figured out a good method of preparing for tests. But that wasn’t until I started my Masters in Economics.

Hopefully, this document will help some of you get there earlier than I did.

Q: What’s wrong with cyberpunk?

A: A snappy label and a manifesto would have been two of the very last things on my own career want list. That label enabled mainstream science fiction to safely assimilate our dissident influence, such as it was. Cyberpunk could then be embraced and given prizes and patted on the head, and genre science fiction could continue unchanged.

Q: What was that dissident influence? What were you trying to do?

A: I didn’t have a manifesto. I had some discontent. It seemed to me that midcentury mainstream American science fiction had often been triumphalist and militaristic, a sort of folk propaganda for American exceptionalism. I was tired of America-as-the-future, the world as a white monoculture, the protagonist as a good guy from the middle class or above. I wanted there to be more elbow room. I wanted to make room for antiheroes.

I also wanted science fiction to be more naturalistic. There had been a poverty of description in much of it. The technology depicted was so slick and clean that it was practically invisible. What would any given SF favorite look like if we could crank up the resolution? As it was then, much of it was like video games before the invention of fractal dirt. I wanted to see dirt in the corners.

From a fascinating Paris Review interview with William Gibson, author of the hugely influential and award-winning 1985 novel Neuromancer, and the man who coined the term “cyberspace.”

Here is an excellent study guide for Neuromancer. Gibson’s Twitter feed is also one of the most interesting out there.